Econos Daily
Finance | Economics | Business
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Thursday, 1 October 2020
Thomas Piketty Theory on Tackling Prolonged Economic Inequality
Economic inequality occurs when r > g, or the return on capital investment, always exceeds economic growth. This condition makes rich who have abundant wealth become richer, while poor, stay poor. In his book "Capital in the Twenty-First Century" he will explain us profoundly how dangerous economic inequality will have been.
Would economic inequality have persisted?
What solution does he have to reduce inequality?
Prominent Young Economist
A young economist who earned his PhD at the age of 22 have caused a series of debate among economists. He argues that economic inequality will get worse if more countries lift turbo capitalism to grow wildly without any significant political intervention from the government.
The economist is neither Adam Smith nor Joseph Stiglitz nor Paul Krugman. The economist is just a young man from France named Thomas Piketty.
In 2013, the book he published "Capital in the Twenty-First Century" has provoked controversy among economist. He has been dubbed by right-wing commentators as Neo-Marxist or the new Marxism.
This 685-page book explains how economic inequality has occurred throughout the history of the beginning of capitalism, especially during the industrial revolution in England in 1760. This book shows a lot of historical data up to the 1800s from both developed and developing countries.
In his book, Piketty also introduces a new formula in understanding deeply the fundamental laws of capitalism. The first fundamental law of capitalism is to calculate the percentage of total annual income from return. The formula is α = (r x β) x 100, where α is the percentage of income from the return on capital in total annual income. Whilst, r is the total percentage of return on capital, and β is the capital to annual national income ratio.
Meanwhile, the second law of capitalism II is to figure the total capital to total annual income ratio. The formula is β = s / a where s is the total savings or total capital stock, whilst a is the total growth in national annual income, or it can also be referred to as GDP or economic growth.
Now we have a case that is very common in many countries, with relatively low economic growth of only around 1% and a higher return on investment of around 5%. For instance: there is a country with a total capital stock of € 1,500,000 with an annual income of € 100,000. Whilst, the rate of return on investment on capital or r: 5% and annual economic growth or g: 1.67%. Find the values of α and β?
First, we find the value of β, where β = 1,500,000 / 100,000 = 15, it means that the total capital stock is equal to 15 years of the total annual income, or it takes 15 years to accumulate the annual income to offset the total current capital stock.
Second, we then find α, where α = (0.05 x 15) x 100% = 75%, it means that 75% (€ 75.000) of the annual income comes from the return on capital or r. The remaining 25% (€ 25,000) of the annual income comes from the output growth or economic growth, or g.
However, we haven't identified any problem yet from here. Now we find why the value of g is at 1.67%. First, we need to validate the value of r, is it true that it is 5%?
The answer is, we divide the income from the return on capital which is 75,000 to the total capital, 75,000 / 1,500,000 = 0.05 or 5%, it holds true that the rate of return on capital is at 5%. Now, we find the g, is it true 1.67%? The answer, 25,000 / 1,500,000 = 0.167 or 1.67%. Eventually, we made a conclusion that r = 5% and g = 1.67%. Then, what is the problem?
This is what Piketty really concerned about, where the return on capital always exceeds the economic or output growth (r > g). The percentage of r that exceeds the g only makes the capital owners with abundant wealth become richer. Meanwhile, the workers who does not have abundant wealth stay poor.
Unfortunately, in most countries the r > g condition keeps persisting, the growth almost never exceeds the return. Therefore, if this condition continues without any significant intervention from our governments, consequently the inequality would get worse in the long span of time. People who already have abundant wealth will get richer, while those who do not will likely stay poor.
In Indonesia, where the wage of employees increases by 8% per year, a = 8%, while the increase in stock prices in Indonesia or other investment assets could be up to more than 25%. Which one would be getting richer? A businessman with investment assets worth billions or those who only rely on an increase in the minimum wage of 8% per year? Keep in mind that the living costs could also increase by more than 8%.
As a French people, Piketty has warned that rising economic inequality could lead to various sorts of social, economic, and political catastrophes. This condition triggered the French revolution in 1789, where many of the French noble families including King Louis XVI and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette, were beheaded by their own people after experiencing starvation.
In addition, Piketty also criticizes Patrimonial Capitalism, where many children of the rich are still getting richer from the inheritance of their rich parents. They can be even richer without making any significant contribution to society or the economy. Their inherited wealth would certainly grow faster than the economic growth. Meanwhile, children from a middle class family will have to work a tiring job as restaurant waiter and still get paid with insufficient amount of money. It is absolutely difficult for a worker to earn one million rupiah and it is easier for rich people to earn billions of rupiah without having to do a tiring job.
Piketty also criticizes Simon Kuznets theory with his Kuznets Curve. Kuznets argued that in the early stages of economic development, inequality tend to increase, then in the next stage of economic development, inequality will eventually subside as they achieve maturity. Nevertheless, according to their research with some evidence they have exhibited us, Piketty and his teams argued that inequality is still rising again during the 21st century due to the prolonged r > g condition.
This is where Piketty has made some solutions, he proposes progressive taxes to have been imposed upon the rich. These progressive tax includes wealth tax, inheritance tax and income tax. The tax imposed upon wealth is at least 15% percent, while an 80% tax imposed upon the highest income earners. However, Piketty states that the priority is of course the tax on wealth and inheritance.
Income tax only makes middle class less well-off. Thus, progressive tax on wealth and inheritance are the main keys. Progressive tax on wealth and inheritance are supposed to make the distribution of wealth can be more evenly distributed and can reduce economic inequality in which are used to happen in turbo capitalist countries.
Ultimately, if Piketty is right then the consequences of turbo capitalism will make majority of people less well-off. Social mobility would be really difficult to occur. If we want to escape from poverty, there will be no way anymore, other than inheriting vast amounts of wealth.
Piketty also insists on his readers to profoundly understand what economics really is. According to him, economics is merely a social science consisting of sociology, history, anthropology, and political science. Piketty argues that economics is not a natural science in which processing quantitative data. Economics is always dynamic, not static like mathematics that freezes reality. Economy reality is always moving and never being static. Henceforth, mathematics and economics are the different things.
Ultimately, economics should have been understood philosophically and comprehensively by our reason and logic in a more systematic and practical way. As a result, when we understand better how our economy works, it can help us all to deliver an unprecedented prosperity level for all without any exception.
Wednesday, 23 September 2020
Teori Thomas Piketty: Kesenjangan Ekonomi
Sumber: fortune.com















